Identifying the Factors Affecting Smart Pharmaceutical Distribution

Abstract

This study aimed to identify and validate the key factors influencing smart pharmaceutical distribution by utilizing expert opinions and a structured Delphi technique. A qualitative research design using semi-structured interviews and a three-round Delphi method was conducted among experts and practitioners in the pharmaceutical supply chain. Initially, thirty-two factors were extracted from interviews using content analysis. Subsequently, the Delphi process, involving ten experts, was employed to screen, refine, and categorize these factors into broader dimensions. Data were analyzed through iterative mean comparisons across rounds to confirm consensus thresholds, and factors were grouped under seven primary categories based on thematic similarity. The results identified thirty-two factors across governance, network, technology, member, data, service, and demand dimensions. Consensus was reached on all factors, with differences between Delphi rounds consistently within the accepted 0.1 threshold. Key factors included data privacy, supplier accessibility, smart tool innovation, defect-free operations, partner communication, and staff training. The findings align with previous studies highlighting the critical role of blockchain for traceability, IoT adoption for real-time monitoring, leadership and knowledge sharing in organizational readiness, and regulatory policy alignment in successful smart pharmaceutical distribution implementation. The study offers a validated multi-dimensional framework of factors that affect smart pharmaceutical distribution, emphasizing the need for an integrated approach that combines technological, organizational, regulatory, and human capital strategies. These findings provide a basis for future modeling, policy development, and operational decision-making to enhance transparency, efficiency, and security in pharmaceutical supply chains.