Validation of a Conceptual Model of Perceived Organizational Cruelty in the Hospitals of the Social Security Organization
Keywords:
Perceived organizational cruelty, model validation, grounded theory, confirmatory factor analysis, Social Security Organization hospitalsAbstract
The present study aimed to validate the conceptual model of Perceived Organizational Cruelty that had been developed during the qualitative phase of a mixed-method doctoral dissertation using the systematic grounded theory approach. In the qualitative stage, semi-structured interviews were analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding, leading to the identification of core categories and the construction of the initial conceptual model. To empirically validate this model, the quantitative phase was conducted using survey data collected from employees of hospitals affiliated with the Social Security Organization in Tehran Province (N = 253). Following expert confirmation of content validity, exploratory factor analysis was applied to refine the constructs and determine the initial measurement structure. Subsequently, confirmatory factor analysis within the structural equation modeling framework was employed to assess the model’s goodness of fit and the relationships among its constructs. The results indicated that all factor loadings met acceptable thresholds, and both Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability values exceeded 0.70. Moreover, the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) for all constructs was above 0.50, demonstrating adequate convergent validity, while discriminant validity was supported by the HTMT criterion. Overall model fit indices confirmed the adequacy of both the measurement and structural models. The findings provide empirical support for the grounded-theory-based conceptualization and suggest that the validated model serves as a robust framework for understanding perceived organizational cruelty in hospital settings.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Abdolrahim Rostamzadeh, Ahmad Vedadi, Mahmood Dehgan (Author)
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